High School Term Paper - the Story

High School Term Paper - the Story High School Term Paper Options If you believe that you are not going to succeed all on your own and find a great grade for your high school assignments, there's no better method out than an expert guidance in essay writing. Thus, a high school student need not opt for a topic far beyond her or his talents. Most high school students require a superior custom writing service to deal with the task and find the desired grade. If you're a student in college or higher school, then you understand how hard it can be to stay informed about your homework, sports, a job, and family members. When there is need for discovering more ideas, make sure you've already identified a fruitful avenue for doing this. It's sometimes hard to select the topic which is both new and has a great deal of information to research on it so that a student will have the ability to present the material in the best way possible. 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Renaissance vs Baroque - 1102 Words

ART 101 ART HISTORY Module 1- CASE The ideology and culture of the Renaissance and Baroque Eras are reflected in artwork from the eras. Renaissance art seems to the moment before an event took place and the Baroque art is characterized by great drama, rich deep color, and intense light and dark shadows. Baroque artists chose the most dramatic point, the moment when the action was occurring. For example Michelangelo designed his David composed and still before he fights against Goliath. In Berninis David in the Baroque era is caught in the motion of hurling the stone at Goliath. â€Å"Baroque art was meant to evoke emotion and passion instead of the calm rationality that had been prized during the Renaissance.† During the Renaissance†¦show more content†¦The church had turned itself into an immovable institution with influence over everything in the kingdom. During the time when the Christian religion had become almost a personal affair for many of the people of Europe; â€Å"Michelangelo saw himself as a master (almost like a God) who was going to create David (his Adam). Even though there have been many portrayals of David none of them carried the poise and intensity of Michelangelos work of art.† The term Baroque was initially used with a insulting meaning, to underline the extremes of its magnitude. In particular, the term was used to describe its eccentric redundancy and loud overbearing use of details, which contrasted the clear and simple prudence of the Renaissance era artworks. The objective of baroque was to make the temporary life on earth unique and full of beauty. Symmetry seemed very important during this time. Baroque was a profound style; many engorged forms, over the top ornaments and a good use of rich and glossy materials (a lot of colorful marble, gilding and bronze). There were a lot of movement, and flow in the sculptures and paintings. For example angels were made to fly, saints were portrayed to be raising towards the heavens, and people were captured in action as they moved and fought. Baroque is filled with drama and magnificent accents;Show MoreRelatedBaroque Vs. Baroque Renaissance2004 Words   |  9 PagesThe style that followed the Renaissance is usually called ‘Baroque’. ‘But, while it is easy to identify the earlier style by definite marks of recognition, this is not so simple in the case of Baroque.’ Baroque is considered to be ‘one of the great periods of art history’, and it is generally identified as being developed by Caravaggio, Gianlorenzo Bernini and Annibale Carracci. The Baroque period developed in Europe in around 1600, and it can be seen partly as a reaction against the intricate andRead MoreRenaissance vs Baroque1497 Words   |  6 PagesRenaissance: the development of linear  perspective  and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting, and gradual but widespread  educational  reform . In politics the Renaissance contributed the development of the conventions of diplomacy, and in science an increased reliance on observation. Renaissance scholars employed the  humanist  method in study, and searched for realism and human emotion in art   Florentine painters led byMasaccio  strove to portray the human form realisticallyRead MoreArt Analysis: Renaissance Period vs. Italian Baroque1461 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluence of their background which has a direct impact on the work of Art that they produce. In this paper, we will try to develop an understanding regarding the difference that exist between a work that was developed in the Renaissance Period and one that came out in the Italian Baroque. The paper will try to find the ground on which they coincide and those on which they differ from each other. The Money Changer and his Wife, 1514 Artist: Quentin Massy: Quentin Massays has been considered as oneRead MoreBaroque Art: Protestant vs. Catholic Essay1060 Words   |  5 PagesBaroque: Protestant vs. Catholic Before the purity of Neoclassicism, even before the carefree artists of the Rococo era, there was the dramatic and emotive Baroque. The term baroque is said to have been derived from the Portuguese word for an irregular pearl, and is certainly an adequate description. In the wake of what has become known as the Protest Reformation, the Catholic Church held the infamous Council of Trent. This eighteen year deliberation addressed several aspects of CatholicismRead MorePrometheus : The Myth Of Prometheus1819 Words   |  8 Pagespunished him by isolating him and chaining him to a rock, and sending an eagle each and every day to peck out his liver for all of eternity (Cartwright). Stories like those of the Titan have been captured via art throughout history. Both the Renaissance and the Baroque period referred back to and paid homage to many classical elements of Greco-Roman culture through architecture, sculpture, and painting. This classical influence, along with a renewed devotion to religion inspired by the Counter-ReformationRead MoreI Attended A Wonderful Jazz Concert At Prince George s Community College1163 Words   |  5 PagesBrian Settles, and Hope Udobi. The group performed a song cycle of seven songs: â€Å"The Rise of the Protester,† â€Å"Ballad for the Masses,† â€Å"Chant of the Revolt,† â€Å"Descension and Ascension,† â€Å"No Justice No Peace,† â€Å"The Piece of Resistance,† and â€Å"Blues People vs the Deplorables.† The piece titled â€Å"The Piece of Resistance,† my favorite song from the recital, and will be the focus of my concert report. â€Å"The Piece of Resistance† was performed, by Robinson playing drums, Cyntje playing the trombone, Udobi playingRead MoreApplied Question 2 Essay701 Words   |  3 Pagesmonophonic, and had nonmetric melodies set in one of the church modes, or scales. The rise or development of polyphony came about during the Renaissance period; the Council of Trent wanted polyphonic church music to be created and Palestrina composed the  Pope Marcellus  Mass, a six part vocal polyphonic song. In the Baroque period religious war broke out between Protestants vs. Catholics; these wars effected music and led to music having regular rhythms and continuous melodic expansion. By this time musicalRead MoreMy Last Duchess by Robert Browning1795 Words   |  7 Pagescharacter from within the Italian Renaissance: Alfonso II, the last Duke of Ferrara. The Duke married a young bride, Lucrezia de’ Medici; however, their marriage ended mysteriously after just three years (Bloom 16). Withi n My Last Duchess, Browning uses the character and voice of the Duke to pass comment upon some of the themes of the Italian Renaissance, particularly the juxtaposition between aesthetics and morality. Furthemore, he goes on to use the Renaissance framework to criticize aspects ofRead MoreChap 15: Europe Transformed- Reform and State Building1520 Words   |  7 Pageschallenge to the authority of the Catholic Church, in which by no means was the first crisis in churchs 1500 year history. 2. 14th century- severe economic reversals and social upheavals 3. 15th century- Renaissance: a revival of arts and letters 4. 16th century- Reformation: religious renaissance 5. Absolutism (absolute monarchy)- most evident during the reign of Louis XVI 6. 17th century - absolute and limited monarchy were the poles of state building 7. What were the main tenets of LutheranismRead MoreEssay on Renaissance vs Neoclassicism1295 Words   |  6 PagesTrefren, D Renaissance VS Neoclassicism How could two periods such as the Neoclassicism and the Renaissance be so successful and be focused on very different things? Neoclassicism and the Renaissance are two major periods in the history of art during which different forms of art including architecture, painting, music and visual arts, significantly advanced. It was during these periods, different artists became very famous as a result of the masterpieces reflecting how the ideologies and artistic

Business Operations of Oz Supermarket

Question: Discuss about the Business Operations of Oz Supermarket. Answer: Introduction The major aim of this report is to portray few recommending strategies for Oz Supermarket, which is a newly developed retail chain aims to provide the best services to its customers on a regular basis. Oz Supermarket has to be concerned about provide improved services as well as products so that they can build huge customer base for this organization along with generating good revenue. Thus, this report conveys three major recommendations in this regard along with providing an outline or the description of the business operations followed by this retail chain. Oz Supermarket is the newly formed retail chain, which has been mainly set up at the check up points for reducing the exit queues. Moreover, it encourages customers for coming in, grabbing what they desire to buy and then leaving the store. This retail organization has embarked few significant business operations. First of all, this organization only stocks non-perishable, stationery and household goods. On the other hand, this organization has entirely adopted the PayWave technology and it does not accept cash. Thus, the customers generally bag their items as they shop. The customers exists merely the shop while shopping has been completed. Therefore, the total amount is charged automatically to the card utilized as the customer walks out of the store. Apart from that, the without a PayWave card, customers can approach the front desk for putting a temporary cash deposit Recommending Strategies for Oz Supermarket After discussing the entire business operations of Oz supermarket, it can be seen that there are few certain areas within the business activities of the retail chain where recommending strategies should be implemented thoroughly. These are as follows: Increase in stock Variety According to the stock of this retail, this organizations only stocks the non-perishable, stationery as well as household goods. However, this limiting cost can limit the way of earning revenues for the retail organization. Therefore, this organization should enhance its stock variety as well as the number of items within the individual stocks (Tian Schwartz, 2015). Nevertheless, in this regard, this retail chain should incorporate those products into its stock, whose market demand is high. This retail organization should focus on those facts because, Oz Supermarket is completely a new retail enterprise and it is aiming to build its reputation as a retail farm as well as generate good revenue at the end (Ciravegna Brenes, 2016). Therefore, in this regard, this organization should also stock other kinds of goods which have huge demand in market such as clothes, fashion products, accessories, technical equipments, books and other products (Jia et al., 2015) . Moreover, the enhancement in the stock of this retail organization would ultimately result in increasing the customer base for this retail chain which is the ultimate goal of this company as a newly developed retail chain. Managing the Security concerns for the store and customers and reducing extra overheads Oz Supermarket should be properly take care about the security issues those can be the vital concerns for this retail organization as well as the potential customers of this retail chain. Thus, in this regard, this retail enterprise should focus managing both the security factors for the retail store and the customers of the company as well (Tolstoy, Jonsson Sharma, 2016). In case of managing the store security, it can help in avoiding the shrinkage of the inventory. Moreover, it depends on the location, products and the size of the store. Therefore, this retail chain can attach the electronic tags on its products those are sensed at the entrance of the store and exits by the sensors for the detection of theft (Kohlbacher, 2014). Moreover, this retail supermarket must have to focus more on resolving the security issues associated with the PayWave technology (da Veiga et al., 2016). It has been s een that this technology has few consequences along with its advantages. PIN code is not requested in case of the contactless transactions through PayWave technology. Thus the means of protection in this case have to face a boundary to the encryption keys formed by a terminal as well as a card (Muslimah Simatupang, 2014). In this regard, the custom terminal of the retail chain should employ the encryption keys obtained from an acquiring bank as well as a payment system. Therefore, this retail must be focused on this matter in order to enhance the security assurance for the customers of Oz supermarket as this organization is a newly developed retail chain (Prasad, 2016). However, by being focused on this fact would ultimately help the retail to overcome the few issues with the PayWave cards, which can satisfy its customers regarding their security concerns while shopping in Oz Supermarket (Dean, Fath Chen, 2014). On the other hand, this organization should not tag every item with t he RFID chip as it causes the additional overheads. Most importantly, the store absorbs this cost in the customer interests who are in rush. Therefore, Oz Supermarket should tag those items with this chip which are the most valuable and demanding products for the customers. Addressing Data Flooding Every successful reading of the tag attached with the retail items is not useful for the business purposes (Dean, Fath Chen, 2014). The huge amount of data can be evolved, which is not ultimately useful in order to manage inventory or other applications. For an instance, a consumer moving a product from one shelf to another shelf or a pallet load of articles, which passes many readers while being moved in a warehouse, are the events those do not produce data, which is meaningful to an inventory control system. Therefore, in this regard, event filtering is necessary for reducing data inflow to a meaningful depiction to move goods passing a threshold (Song Kang, 2014). Therefore, middleware should be performed while filtering from the redundant and noisy raw data to the significant processed data (Tolstoy, Jonsson Sharma, 2016). Moreover, Oz Supermarket should also utilize a RFID tag for addressing international trade concerns, which is operational within a ll of the international frequency domains. From the entire discussion made in this report, it can be stated that in spite of being a newly formed retail company, Oz Supermarket can be capable of provide worthy and proper retail services to its customers because of the implementation of advanced technologies like PayWave technology. However, this report has highlighted and demonstrated three recommendations those should be incorporated or followed while conducting its retail business operations in future. These recommending strategies would simply help this organization for creating a huge customer base and significant customer satisfaction. Suggestions to Improve Customer Service Customer Service is always about providing the customers what they want, while they want, in the best possible manner (Sharma Lambert, 2013). An organization would have a greater scope of increasing and keeping its customer base, if this business provides good customer service. Thus, from the given scenario, it can be seen that Oz supermarket has implemented the PayWave technology, PayWave card system which are one of the safest payment system for the customers. Moreover, this organization also has allowed the shopping summary stations those placed strategically throughout the stores permitting customers for viewing in detailed list of items that is in their trolley. All of these factors can significantly play huge role in providing a good customer service to its customers (Aryee et al., 2015). However, this retail chain should consider few suggestion regarding improving its customer service. In order to build a significant customer service, it is necessary for this retail organization to build a good relationship through effective communication with its customers. As the Oz Supermarket is completely new in this industry, they should try hard to recognize the common ground-like shared interests (Celuch Robinson, 2016). Moreover, this retail chain should always be concerned about the issues faced by the customers so that the issues could be resolved as early as possible. It would help the retail organization to retain the customer satisfaction factor (Krn, 2014). Most importantly, Oz Supermarket should always provide the scope of knowing this retail chain properly to its customers. Providing detailed information about Oz Supermarket can be proven to go long way as well as can also reduce the concerns with safety, trust or accessibility (Pitt et al., 2016). On the other hand, Bringing special services, knowledge as well as face-to-face interactions could help together for creating an authentic community for the customers of this organization. It could be the interactive part of the business operations of this retail chain. As Oz Supermarket is a new retail chain, thus, this retail enterprise can give special offers in order to seek the attention of the customers in terms of creating a strong customer base for this retail chain (Song Kang, 2014). This retail organization should be focused on taking the follow-up after resolving the issues encountered with the customers. Apart from that, the customers of this retail organization would feel more valued if Oz supermarket treats them as the essential members of a community (Tian Schwartz, 2015). Therefore, this organization can bring its customers together in several ways such as trade conventions, trade shows, social media, interactive websites as well as webinars. Suggestions to Improve Business Service or Operation Offerings Being a newly formed retail chain, Oz Supermarket should aim to improvise more and more its business services as well as its operation offerings (Tolstoy, Jonsson Sharma, 2016). Thus, in this regard, Oz supermarket has to focus on getting three major factors such as customer feedback, product quality review and process quality assurance. Customer Feedback Customer feedback always plays a crucial part in order to provide the right path to the organizations in terms of conducting their business operations (Muslimah Simatupang, 2014). Therefore, Oz Supermarket should always provide the scope to the customers in terms of providing feedback regarding their satisfaction factor about both the quality of the product as well as the services provided by this retail chain (da Veiga et al., 2016). Most important thing associated with this factor is that, Oz Supermarket has be very focused in conducting its business operations because any wrong step can ruin its business opportunities. Thus, in this regard, the customer feedback can provide this organization an assessment and an evaluation as well for its business operations (Dean, Fath Chen, 2014). Product Quality Review It can also be an essential and important way for improving the business service or operation offerings of Oz Supermarket (Song Kang, 2014). PQR or Product quality Review is the rolling as well as periodic quality reviews of all licensed medicinal products incorporating only products those are conducted with the goal to verify the consistency of the existing process, the appropriateness of the current specifications for both the finished and starting materials in terms of identifying product improvements and any trends (Celuch Robinson, 2016). Moreover, it can also be an effective quality improvement tool for enhancing the quality of the product. Process Quality Assurance It is such an area for Oz Supermarket that can support the delivery of the high-quality retail products by providing the store managers and staffs at all levels with proper visibility into as well as feedback on, processes and associated work products throughout the life of the project (Sharma Lambert, 2013). Therefore, the practices in process quality assurance area for this retail chain can assure that the planned processes are executed while thee practices in the area of verification process assure that the specified requirements are satisfied (da Veiga et al., 2016). These two process areas can on occasion address the similar work product but from different aspects. Thus, the retail operations of Oz supermarket should take the benefit of the overlap for minimizing duplication of effort while taking care for maintaining distinct perspectives (Tolstoy, Jonsson Sharma, 2016). Therefore, for this retail chain, the process quality assurance is very importa nt for the success of Oz Supermarket. References Aryee, S., Seidu, E.Y., Sacramento, C.A. and Martinaityte, I., 2015, January. Proactive Customer Service Performance: Test of a Team-Level Model. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2015, No. 1, p. 11002). Academy of Management. Cao, L. (2014). Business model transformation in moving to a cross-channel retail strategy: a case study.International Journal of Electronic Commerce,18(4), 69-96. Celuch, K., Robinson, N. M. (2016). How The Customer Feedback Process Contributes To Perceived Customer Orientation And Affective Commitment In The Higher Educational Service Context.Journal of Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction and Complaining Behavior,29, 53. Ciravegna, L., Brenes, E. R. (2016). Learning to become a high reliability organization in the food retail business.Journal of Business Research,69(10), 4499-4506. da Veiga, C. P., da Veiga, C. R. P., Puchalski, W., dos Santos Coelho, L., Tortato, U. (2016). Demand forecasting based on natural computing approaches applied to the foodstuff retail segment.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,31, 174-181. Dean, C. A., Fath, B. D., Chen, B. (2014). Indicators for an expanded business operations model to evaluate eco-smart corporate communities.Ecological Indicators,47, 137-148. Gilmour, P., Borg, G., Duffy, P. A., Johnston, N. D., Limbek, B. E., Shaw, M. R. (2013). Customer service: differentiating by market segment.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. Jia, P., Govindan, K., Choi, T. M., Rajendran, S. (2015). Supplier selection problems in fashion business operations with sustainability considerations.Sustainability,7(2), 1603-1619. Krn, S. (2014). Analysing customer satisfaction and quality in constructionthe case of public and private customers.Nordic journal of surveying and real estate research,2. Kohlbacher, M. (2014). Retail analytics: practical applications.The Business Management Review,5(2), 131. Muslimah, M. D., Simatupang, T. M. (2014). Supply chain collaboration for ensuring retail product availability at Glaxosmithkline. In6th International Conference on Operations and Supply Chain Management. Pitt, M., Chotipanich, S., Issarasak, S., Mulholland, K., Panupattanapong, P. (2016). An examination of facility management, customer satisfaction and service relationship in the Bangkok healthcare system.Indoor and Built Environment,25(3), 442-458. Prasad, M. K. R. (2016). Information Technology Revolution in Retail Sector.PARIPEX-Indian Journal of Research,4(8). Sharma, A., Lambert, D. M. (2013). Segmentation of markets based on customer service.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. Song, E. J., Kang, M. S. (2014). A Study on Customer Satisfaction Survey System for Effective Customer Feedback Analysis.International Information Institute (Tokyo). Information,17(8), 3637. Soteriou, A. C., Stavrinides, Y. (2013). An internal customer service quality data envelopment analysis model for bank branches.International Journal of Bank Marketing. Tian, X., Schwartz, S. (2015). The Use of Analytical Platform to Identify Valuable Interventions in Retail Pharmacies. Tolstoy, D., Jonsson, A., Sharma, D. D. (2016). The Influence of a Retail Firms Geographic Scope of Operations on Its International Online Sales.International Journal of Electronic Commerce,20(3), 293-318.

The Role Played By Advertising in Mass Media

Table of Contents Introduction Conventional Role of Providing Consumer Information Critical Theory: Consumerist Ideology The Impact Advertising Has On Program Quality Role of Media in Democracy Development Works Cited Introduction Mass media are instruments that help marketers to pass information, communicate ideas and concepts to general public and targeted audience. They are very important tool that promote marketing goals. However, the use of mass media is can be counterproductive especially when the marketer chooses channels that are not appropriate for their target audience.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role Played By Advertising in Mass Media specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sometimes, the message delivered maybe too emotional or evoking anxiety or fear or it could be controversial. However, advertising in mass media has its basic role that has conventionally shaped the choice of the channel, the type of message, and the audience to be targeted. Conventional Role of Providing Consumer Information In its basic essence, advertising is defined as the paid communication that is done via the mass media with the main objectives being to inform, persuade and remind clients. Traditionally, advertising usually incorporates crucial information for the customer like price, where to the product, what that product is (description) and benefits. The primary goal of designing and advert is therefore to communicate with the target audience so that the marketer can elicit the purchase behavior. Advertising therefore communicates to potential clients about a new product thus building awareness or supporting continued use of an existing product hence reinforcing the purchase behavior. With the intention to convince and inform and amidst competition for increasing brands of products, advertising has been dynamic and the most innovative business sector. The increasing technology has also propel led the revolution happening in advertisings and great improvements being observed each day. One significant revolution is the didactic advertising montage in the American advertising sector. This form of advertising can as well be referred to as parable advertising not because it has the same meaning as the biblical definition of parables but because of the attempt by the advertisers to give a moral lesson to potential buyers. These lessons are drawn from the everyday incidences and since the advertisers have in mind the goal to convince, they often exaggerate and greatly contrast their massages in dramatized advertisement. Advertisement messages seek to persuade buyers through suggestions rather than coercion and they also seek blunt acquiescence instead of active thinking.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The advertising message hence encourages people to incorporate the products being advertised into their lives by using daily event to accomplish this. After communicating a moral logic, the potential buyer is drawn into the story, carried along and released back to his/her situation in a manner that portrays the parable as the situation and the solution. One famous example of a parable used has been the first impression parable. Briefly, the parable is about a certain family that suffered social crisis and struggled to get of it for a while. Their one day managed to convince their boss to host executive dinner at their place. The wife researched widely on the best food and drinks to offer while the man searched extensively on the best business subjects and stories to keep his guest engaged. They were so carried away with this that they all forgot about their dull and untidy doorway. When the guests arrived, they were disappointed from the touch of the bell and entrance into the house. They were put off by the lack of modernity and dreary environment at firs t sight. In the end, no feat of cooking or exciting chatting could offset their first impression of deficiency in character by the family. Many advertisers have adopted the idea of first impression parable in their ads. The Williams shaving cream for instance has catchy phrases to evoke first impression feeling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ the face that’s fit†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ many people would agree that it’s the ‘look’ that one portrays that he/she will be judged upon. The most effective way of communicating this in advertisement is suggesting that the product builds self-confidence. Advertising on mass media is also ancillary to Programming because media has grown to become a very significant force in the modern culture especially in western nations. The sociologists have even named this new phenomenon ‘mediated culture’ because culture is constantly being shaped by media creations. Individuals and the communities are usually communicated to from a number of m edia sources which bombard information in their minds. All the different mass media tools do not just promote products as in advertisement but also evoke mood, inspire a feeling of what is important and to cause development of attitude among others. Advertising is therefore very important in programming of various multimedia. Its ability to reach thousands of audience across thousands of miles allows the development of celebrities like singers and actors. Besides, the issues of sponsorship emphasize the important role of advertising in ancillary programming. Most of the advertisements on mass media is very expensive and the money obtained from this is used for funding media programs. In order to reach the largest audience possible, advertisers seek to place ads on the bigger television stations or magazines that have wider coverage or any other wide coverage mass media for that matter. This makes the media owners have greater clients when their coverage is wide and hence earn more a s they can charge more as well.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role Played By Advertising in Mass Media specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Advertising also influences the programs aired in that a media company that received a lot of revenue from big companies like Nike or any other, cannot air stories of abuse of basic human rights in such firms. This is negative impact of mass media responsibility interaction with the advertisement benefits to the company and to the public. Critical Theory: Consumerist Ideology In marketing in modern world and from the critical discourse assessment’s point of view, Guy Cook argued that advertisement was a discourse in itself. Advertising entails both text which is basically the advert itself and the context which is in essence the customers who respond to the advert (Guy 23). It is usually important to examine the significance of the advertisement based on the manner in which the target customers create meaning from it. The meaning of the product being advertised is often constructed based on their needs, tastes, desired, scope of knowledge, and the type of product. Several components of advertising are very important, however, participants are the basic components. Very important aspects emerge from the assessment of this component, the explanations and intentions, convictions and knowledge, feelings and relationships and attitudes. Uniquely, every participant is an observer and part of the context at the same time and therefore participant are senders and receivers. In advertisement, the person sending the message is not always the one addressing people, but the one relaying it. For instance, a television advert may have an actor, thought it may be sent by an agency. On the same not, the receiver is not always the addressee or target audience because the ads are aired on media which anyone can access. Anyone can therefore see the advert. The f unction of the ad is what it intended to do by the creator and sender or what it was perceived to cause the receiver to do or respond like. The political and economic perception, mass media is a commodity produced on large scale. The goal of advertising through these media is to maximize the profits of the businesses. The main revenue of mass media is advertising and the consumers are usually sold up to the advertising firms who sometimes just represent unspecific needs. Most of the time, the product being advertised could be promoting affluent lifestyle thus helping to promote the consumerist ideology. The mass media companies thus worry less about selling empty messages to the viewers and readers as long as they are being paid to do so and the advertisers are willing to pay the prices being charged for space. The audience is hence kept in safe haven of ideology by these media.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Impact Advertising Has On Program Quality The impact of advertising on program quality especially on television has to do with time and content. The adverts are usually regulated and the regulation covrs the time that the commercial are allotted and the limitation of the products or services to be advertised on certain program based on the target audience. There are stringient laws for what is to and not to be advertised on the children’s programs. Time restrictions, also refered to as advertising caps may not be proper when there is over-advertising. Even so, these caps can decrease the diversity of programs by restricting the revenues for programs. The caps can reduced the overall qulity of the program, which include the direct enjoyment to the viewers. Restriction of advertisement of certisn products and services like cigarettes or fast foods on children program are a reflection of paternalistic altruism, however appropriate taxing rather than restriction could e more efficient. Duration restriction of advertising are perceived to be socially damaging especially when it results in under-advertising, under-advertising is used to describe a phenomenon where there is less advertisement than the social optimal level. Length restriction can be of great advantage if there is excess advertisement in the market. Over-advertising is seen when the nuisance to the readers and viewers more than the benefit it intended to offer. There is however still an ongoing study to assess whether indeed there is such thing as over-advertising and under-advertising and the effect on the market. However, caps can greatly decrease the quality of programs, the diversity of programming and the breadth of it hence affecting the profits. The media industry has a unique economic structure that is very different for other industries. Basically, the media is an entertainment industry used to amuse viewers while at the same time, the broadcasts carry adverts. Viewers are hence exp osed to these adverts just as a side benefit as consumers of entertainment. The advertisers pay for this entertainment content so that they can be able to use intermediary time of the programs to pass messages to their potential clients. In this vein, the media is a platform that is used by both advertisers and viewers for it to generate revenue. This means that the media must deliver the clients to the advertisers and they do this by well thought-out selection of the level of advertising with an attractive program enough to entice potential customers. Role of Media in Democracy Development Across the world, mass media remain the backbone of democracy for every state. The media usually provides political information to the electorate where voting decision are based. The media helps to identify the problems facing the societies and they serve as media for debating and consensus as well as collection of solution suggestions. The media also function as the government’s watchdog, and the people rely on them to uncover mistakes and other wrongdoings by the political leaders whom the community has given power. It’s hence sensible to demand that the media should perform certain standard with regard to these crucial roles, and the democratic community is contended that they do. The most democratic role that the society expect the mass media to do is often that of a watchdog because those in power are charged with responsibility of serving with the best interest if the people at heart. The functions attached to this include identification of the burning issues in the society that need address, surveillance of the social and political developments, and to offer a tool for deliberation for a wider range of views and opinions and requiring accountability from leaders. The active involvement of the media in political process and resistance to bowing to pressure from external forces seeking to subvert media independence is very crucial in attaining the democra tic goal of media. The basic human rights are often inalienable and they can be communicated through media for people to understand their right and how to react when these rights are infringed. The freedom of expression right is an elementary value in the modern democracy and without it and the freedom of the press the political development that has been achieved in the contemporary world today, could not have been achieved. This is the basic reason why all right have to be protected. Works Cited Armstrong, Mark. Competition in Two-Sided Markets. London: Mimeo University College, 2007. Print. Barnett, Steven. Will a Crisis in Journalism Provoke a Crisis in Democracy? The Political Quarterly, 73(2002): 400-408 Chomsky, Naom. The responsibility of intellectuals. New York: The New York Review of Books, 1967. Print. Cook, Guy. The Discourse of Advertising . London: Routledge, 2001. Print. Hall, Stuart. Representation: Cultural representation and signifying practices. London: Routledge, 1999. Print. Kellner, Douglas. The Media and Social Problems. In: Ritzer G (ed) Handbook of Social Problems: A Comparative International Perspective. Thousand Oak: Sage, 2004. Print. Lin, Panlang. Market Provision of Program Quality in the Television Broadcasting Industry. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis Policy: 11.1(2011). Nesbitt-Larking, Paul. Politics, Society, and the Media. Second edition: Canadian Perspectives. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007. Print. Roland Marchand, â€Å"The Great Parables† Advertising the American Dream Making Way for Modernity 1920-1940. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986. Print. This essay on The Role Played By Advertising in Mass Media was written and submitted by user Nikolai Mooney to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Programming a Class to Create a Custom VB.NET Control

Programming a Class to Create a Custom VB.NET Control Building complete custom components can be a very advanced project. But you can build a VB.NET class that has many of the advantages of a toolbox component with much less effort. Heres how! To get a flavor of what you need to do to create a complete custom component, try this experiment: - Open a new Windows Application project in VB.NET.- Add a CheckBox from the Toolbox to the form.- Click the Show All Files button at the top of Solution Explorer. This will display the files that Visual Studio creates for your project (so you dont have to). As a historical footnote, The VB6 compiler did a lot of the same things, but you never could access the code because it was buried in compiled p-code. You could develop custom controls in VB6 too, but it was a lot more difficult and required a special utility that Microsoft supplied just for that purpose. In the Form Designer.vb file, you will find that the code below has been added automatically in the right locations to support the CheckBox component. (If you have a different version of Visual Studio, your code might be slightly different.) This is the code that Visual Studio writes for you. Required by the Windows Form Designer Private components _ As System.ComponentModel.IContainerNOTE: The following procedure is requiredby the Windows Form DesignerIt can be modified using the Windows Form Designer.Do not modify it using the code editor.System.Diagnostics.DebuggerStepThrough() _Private Sub InitializeComponent() Me.CheckBox1 New System.Windows.Forms.CheckBox() Me.SuspendLayout() CheckBox1 Me.CheckBox1.AutoSize True Me.CheckBox1.Location New System.Drawing.Point(29, 28) Me.CheckBox1.Name CheckBox1. . . and so forth ... This is the code that you have to add to your program to create a custom control. Keep in mind that all the methods and properties of the actual CheckBox control are in a class supplied by the .NET Framework: System.Windows.Forms.CheckBox. This isnt part of your project because its installed in Windows for all .NET programs. But theres a lot of it. Another point to be aware of is that if youre using WPF (Windows Presentation Foundation), the .NET CheckBox class comes from a completely different library named System.Windows.Controls. This article only works for a Windows Forms application, but the principals of inheritance here work for any VB.NET project. Suppose your project needs a control that is very much like one of the standard controls. For example, a checkbox that changed color, or displayed a tiny happy face instead of displaying the little check graphic. Were going to build a class that does this and show you how to add it to your project. While this might be useful by itself, the real goal is to demonstrate VB.NETs inheritance. Lets Start Coding To get started, change the name of the CheckBox that you just added to oldCheckBox. (You might want to stop displaying Show All Files again to simplify Solution Explorer.) Now add a new class to your project. There are several ways to do this including right-clicking the project in Solution Explorer and selecting Add then Class or selecting Add Class under under the Project menu item. Change the file name of the new class to newCheckBox to keep things straight. Finally, open the code window for the class and add this code: Public Class newCheckBox Inherits CheckBox Private CenterSquareColor As Color Color.Red Protected Overrides Sub OnPaint( ByVal pEvent _ As PaintEventArgs) Dim CenterSquare _ As New Rectangle(3, 4, 10, 12) MyBase.OnPaint(pEvent) If Me.Checked Then pEvent.Graphics.FillRectangle( New SolidBrush( CenterSquareColor ), CenterSquare) End If End SubEnd Class (In this article and in others on the site, a lot of line continuations are used to keep lines short so they will fit into the space available on the web page.) The first thing to notice about your new class code is the Inherits keyword. That means that all the properties and methods of a VB.NET Framework CheckBox are automatically part of this one. To appreciate how much work this saves, you have to have tried programming something like a CheckBox component from scratch. There are two key things to notice in the code above: The first is the code uses Override to replace the standard .NET behavior that would take place for an OnPaint event. An OnPaint event is triggered whenever Windows notices that part of your display has to be reconstructed. An example would be when another window uncovers part of your display. Windows updates the display automatically, but then calls the OnPaint event in your code. (The OnPaint event is also called when the form is initially created.) So if we Override OnPaint, we can change the way things look on the screen. The second is the way Visual Basic creates the CheckBox. Whenever the parent is Checked (that is, Me.Checked is True) then the new code we provide in our NewCheckBox class will recolor the center of the CheckBox instead of drawing a checkmark. The rest is what is called GDI code. This code selects a rectangle the exact same size as the center of a Check Box and colors it in with GDI method calls. The magic numbers to position the red rectangle, Rectangle(3, 4, 10, 12), were determined experimentally. I just changed it until it looked right. There is one very important step that you want to make sure you dont leave out of Override procedures: MyBase.OnPaint(pEvent) Override means that your code will provide all of the code for the event. But this is seldom what you want. So VB provides a way to run the normal .NET code that would have been executed for an event. This is the statement that does that. It passes the very same parameter- pEvent- to the event code that would have been executed if it hadnt been overridden, MyBase.OnPaint. Using the New Control Because our new control is not in our toolbox, it has to be created in the form with code. The best place to do that is in the form Load event procedure. Open the code window for the form load event procedure and add this code: Private Sub frmCustCtrlEx_Load( ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs ) Handles MyBase.Load Dim customCheckBox As New newCheckBox() With customCheckBox .Text Custom CheckBox .Left oldCheckBox.Left .Top oldCheckBox.Top oldCheckBox.Height .Size New Size( oldCheckBox.Size.Width 50, oldCheckBox.Size.Height) End With Controls.Add(customCheckBox)End Sub To place the new checkbox on the form, weve taken advantage of the fact that there is already one there and just used the size and position of that one (adjusted so the Text property will fit). Otherwise we would have to code the position manually. When MyCheckBox has been added to the form, we then add it to the Controls collection. But this code isnt very flexible. For example, the color Red is hardcoded and changing the color requires changing the program. You might also want a graphic instead of a check mark. Heres a new, improved CheckBox class. This code shows you how to take some of the next steps toward VB.NET object oriented programming. Public Class betterCheckBox Inherits CheckBox Private CenterSquareColor As Color Color.Blue Private CenterSquareImage As Bitmap Private CenterSquare As New Rectangle( 3, 4, 10, 12) Protected Overrides Sub OnPaint _ (ByVal pEvent As _ System.Windows.Forms.PaintEventArgs) MyBase.OnPaint(pEvent) If Me.Checked Then If CenterSquareImage Is Nothing Then pEvent.Graphics.FillRectangle( New SolidBrush( CenterSquareColor), CenterSquare) Else pEvent.Graphics.DrawImage( CenterSquareImage, CenterSquare) End If End If End Sub Public Property FillColor() As Color Get FillColor CenterSquareColor End Get Set(ByVal Value As Color) CenterSquareColor Value End Set End Property Public Property FillImage() As Bitmap Get FillImage CenterSquareImage End Get Set(ByVal Value As Bitmap) CenterSquareImage Value End Set End PropertyEnd Class Why The BetterCheckBox Version Is Better One of the main improvements is the addition of two Properties. This is something the old class didnt do at all. The two new properties introduced are FillColor and FillImage To get a flavor of how this works in VB.NET, try this simple experiment. Add a class to a standard project and then enter the code: Public Property Whatever Get When you press Enter after typing Get, VB.NET Intellisense fills in the entire Property code block and all you have to do is code the specifics for your project. (The Get and Set blocks arent always required starting with VB.NET 2010, so you have to at least tell Intellisense this much to start it.) Public Property Whatever Get End Get Set(ByVal value) End SetEnd Property These blocks have been completed in the code above. The purpose of these blocks of code is to allow property values to be accessed from other parts of the system. With the addition of Methods, you would be well on the way to creating a complete component. To see a very simple example of a Method, add this code below the Property declarations in the betterCheckBox class: Public Sub Emphasize() Me.Font New System.Drawing.Font( _ Microsoft Sans Serif, 12.0!, _ System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold) Me.Size New System.Drawing.Size(200, 35) CenterSquare.Offset( CenterSquare.Left - 3, CenterSquare.Top 3)End Sub In addition to adjusting the Font displayed in a CheckBox, this method also adjusts the size of the box and the location of the checked rectangle to account for the new size. To use the new method, just code it the same way you would any method: MyBetterEmphasizedBox.Emphasize() And just like Properties, Visual Studio automatically adds the new method to Microsofts Intellisense! The main goal here is to simply demonstrate how a method is coded. You may be aware that a standard CheckBox control also allows the Font to be changed, so this method doesnt really add much function. The next article in this series, Programming a Custom VB.NET Control - Beyond the Basics!, shows a method that does, and also explains how to override a method in a custom control.

How to Find the Inner and Outer Fences

How to Find the Inner and Outer Fences One feature of a data set that is important to determine is if it contains any outliers. Outliers are intuitively thought of as values in our set of data that differ greatly from a majority of the rest of the data. Of course, this understanding of outliers is ambiguous. To be considered as an outlier, how much should the value deviate from the rest of the data? Is what one researcher calls an outlier going to match with another’s? In order to provide some consistency and a quantitative measure for the determination of outliers, we use inner and outer fences. To find the inner and outer fences of a set of data, we first need a few other descriptive statistics. We will begin by calculating quartiles. This will lead to the interquartile range. Finally, with these calculations behind us, we will be able to determine the inner and outer fences. Quartiles The first and third quartiles are part of the five number summary of any set of quantitative data. We begin by finding the median or the midway point of the data after all of the values are listed in ascending order. The values less than the median corresponding to roughly half of the data. We find the median of this half of the data set, and this is the first quartile. In a similar way, we now consider the upper half of the data set. If we find the median for this half of the data, then we have the third quartiles. These quartiles get their name from the fact that they split the data set into four equal sized portions, or quarters. So in other words, roughly 25% of all of the data values are less than the first quartile. In a similar way, approximately 75% of the data values are less than the third quartile. Interquartile Range We next need to find the interquartile range (IQR). This is easier to calculate than the first quartile q1 and the third quartile q3. All that we need to do is to take the difference of these two quartiles. This gives us the formula: IQR Q3 - Q1 The IQR tells us how spread out the middle half of our data set is. Find the Inner Fences We can now find the inner fences. We start with the IQR and multiply this number by 1.5. We then subtract this number from the first quartile. We also add this number to the third quartile. These two numbers form our inner fence. Find the Outer Fences For the outer fences, we start with the IQR and multiply this number by 3. We then subtract this number from the first quartile and add it to the third quartile. These two numbers are our outer fences. Detecting Outliers The detection of outliers now becomes as easy as determining where the data values lie in reference to our inner and outer fences. If a single data value is more extreme than either of our outer fences, then this is an outlier and is sometimes referred to as a strong outlier. If our data value is between a corresponding inner and outer fence, then this value is a suspected outlier or a mild outlier. We will see how this works with the example below. Example Suppose that we have calculated the first and third quartile of our data, and have found these values to the 50 and 60, respectively. The interquartile range IQR 60 – 50 10. Next, we see that 1.5 x IQR 15. This means that the inner fences are at 50 – 15 35 and 60 15 75. This is 1.5 x IQR less than the first quartile, and more than the third quartile. We now calculate 3 x IQR and see that this is 3 x 10 30. The outer fences are 3 x IQR more extreme that the first and third quartiles. This means that the outer fences are 50 - 30 20 and 60 30 90. Any data values that are less than 20 or greater than 90, are considered outliers. Any data values that are between 29 and 35 or between 75 and 90 are suspected outliers.

Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial Management - Essay Example Rents, Charges, Interests and others make up three percent of its funding (Smith, 2008). Of the total fund generated from various sources: seventy percent is spent on Salaries and Wages; twelve percent is provisioned for the employer contribution to the pension fund; another twelve percent is spent on operating expenses and six percent is for Capital Financing Charges (Smith, 2008). Fiscal governance coverage is in accordance with the Code of Practice on Local Authority Accounting in the United Kingdom (SORP Committee, 2010). CIPFA Code of Practice dictates that in cases of conflict the legislative requirements shall apply in financial governance (Chartered Institute of Public Finance & Accountancy, 2010). National non-domestic rates account for approximately eighteen percent of the total local authority income (Information Centre Scotish Parliament, 1999). Therefore, only about 9 percent of the National non-domestic rate income of the local authority finances the Fire and Rescue eff orts of local governments. While every district including the two cities of Manchester and Salford only contributes a total of 3.3 percent each to the operational expense of the Fire and Rescue Authority (Smith, 2008). Risk mitigation includes the following: disaster recovery, contingency plan, emergency response, business continuity. Fire and Rescue only covers emergency response. From a financial point of view to invest more than eleven percent for emergency response alone may not maximize the value of money considering the other area of risk mitigation that would include disaster recovery, contingency planning and business continuity. However, risk and security challenges have become increasingly complex because as we plan for protection and face a multitude of threats in a rapidly changing environment, we must expect the unexpected, while staying within our budgets (Purpura, 2008). There is an underlying importance in emergency response that is to prevent the emergency escalatin g into a disaster, then to a catastrophe, then to a tragedy (Alexander, 2002). The key has always been prevention and in this case the prevention of an emergency to escalate into another level. One of the key performance indicators of the Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue A

Private Finance Initiative and UKs Construction Industry Essay

Private Finance Initiative and UKs Construction Industry - Essay Example Private Finance Initiative (PFI) is a device employed by United Kingdom’s government to arguably to make the construction industry more competitive and more profitable. This does not come as a surprise since the UK construction industry provides a tenth of the UK's gross domestic product, employs 1.4 million people and is worth around  £65 billion per annum. With an output of  £81.9bn in 2006, the UK construction industry is ranked in the global top ten. Thus, it is only then logical to support the industry. PFI is a way of funding major new public building projects such as hospitals, schools, prisons and roads. Private consortiums, usually involving large construction firms, are contracted to both design and build a new project, and also to manage it. The contracts typically last for 30 years. The building is not publicly owned but leased by a public authority, such as a council or health trust, from the private consortium. The private consortium raises the cash to build the project. It is then paid back with interest by the government through regular payments over the period of the contract. PFI projects could be viewed as a means of enabling government services to be "outsourced" to private sector suppliers. PFI is not the same as privatization as the Government retains ultimate responsibility to the public for the service concerned. Outside the UK, PFI is more commonly known as Public Private Partnerships (PPP). The policy has not been without its critics. As with any form of hire purchase, buying something on tick is more expensive than paying for it up front. The Edinburgh Royal Infirmary is often cited as an example of how expensive the PFI can be. It cost  £180m to build and will cost  £900m to pay for. ... Use of PFI in the Construction Industry Since the advent of PFI, the construction industry has found itself on much more stable ground. Between 2001 and 2002, its output is estimated to have increased by 9.7%. According to the Major Contractors Group (MCG), a major construction trade association which represents UK firms such as Carillion (formerly part of Tarmac), Costain and Amec, construction companies engaged in the private finance initiative expect to make between three and ten times as much money as they do on traditional contracts. (Research and Markets Online, 2003) Bill Tallis, the director of MCG, said construction firms traditionally received rates of return of 1.5% to 2% on contracts but were now expecting margins of 7.5% to 15% on PFI building schemes. The high profit available to investors in PFI schemes explains why John Laing PLC has sold off its basic construction company and bought up stakes held in such projects by hard-pressed Amey PLC. (Macalister, 2003) This strategy is reinforced by figures from the European Construction Industry Federation (ECIF), which show that the UK construction sector grew by over 8% last year while its counterpart in Germany and France slumped by 2.5% and 0.7% respectively. (UK DTI Online, 2007) The UK government defends PFI by its use of something called the 'public sector comparator'. This shows whether or not privately financed schemes offer better value for money than conventional funding. The main problem with this is that the government has provided an accounting device called 'risk costing' which has meant that private firms generally emerge as winners. When a consortium of private companies agrees to build something for a public

Market for Energy Drinks Essay Example for Free

Market for Energy Drinks Essay 3.How is the market for energy drinks, sports drinks and vitamin-enhanced beverages changing? What are the underlying drivers of change and how might those forces individually or collectively make the industry more or less attractive? The market for energy drinks, sports drinks and vitamin-enhanced beverages kept on changing through differentiation from other brands to have a better brand image and also to meet the demands of the consumers as it is said that USA has helped greatly in the growth of the industry. Because of the significance of brand recognition, the sellers kept on building the product and how it to be most familiar. Product innovation, one of the market’s drivers of change, is said to be the most important competitive features of the alternative beverage industry. Alternative beverages competed on the basis of differentiation from traditional drinks (carbonated soft drinks or fruit juices) so for energy drinks, they often changed the taste, the energy boosting of their ingredients, and image. It is also through marketing innovation and efficient distribution systems that the industry kept on changing by always having varied its packaging, clever ads, endorsements from celebrities/athletes and sponsorships. Alternative beverage sellers also need to have efficient distribution systems to be successful in the industry. These forces only made the industry attractive because it can attract first time buyers through product and marketing innovation and offer responsive customer service to large customers which may then lead to an increase in market demand, make competition more intense and lead to a higher industry profitability.

Character Traits of Elizabeth Proctor Essay -- essays research papers

Character Traits of Elizabeth Proctor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the late sixteen hundreds, the fear of witchcraft was a major concern amongst New Englanders. Arthur Miller’s book, The Crucible, tells the story of a town’s obsession with accusing innocent people of witchcraft. All the accusers were young females who claimed they were attacked by demonic specters. Members of the community supposedly sent out these evil spirits, but in reality, the girls were doing it as sport. One such person accused was Elizabeth Proctor, wife of John Proctor, known throughout the community to be a noble woman. Throughout the book Elizabeth proves to be honest, untrusting of others, and determined.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elizabeth’s honesty proves to be an important factor all through the book. This honest woman only lies once throughout the entire book. She tells this lie to Danforth in order to protect her husband’s reputation from being blackened in the village. Her honesty proves true when she is sent to jail for witchcraft, and she discovers she is pregnant. When she tells Danforth he says â€Å" There be no sign of it- we have examined her body† (92). In the last act, while talking to her husband, he asks â€Å"The child?† She then replies, â€Å"It grows† (134). This proves she was being honest while in jail. Another instance of her honesty is when she is charged with being a witch. Although the punishment was less severe for admitting to being a witch rather than claiming to be innoc...

History of the World in 6 Glasses Essay

Chapter 2: Civilized Beer 1. The â€Å"Land between 2 rivers† is the Tigris and Euphrates rivers located in Mesopotamia (in the Fertile Crescent). â€Å"The World’s first cities arose in Mesopotamia, ‘the land between the streams,’ the name given to the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers†¦ (24, Standage)†, which meant that around this area most of the people were hardworking. The problem about these two rivers though is that they had unexpected flooding and there was little rain. This is why at the time, goods, instead of being offerings to gods were, â€Å"compulsory taxes that were consumed by the temple bureaucracy or traded for other goods and services (40, Standage).† This only arose though because of the unpredictable weather and nature of the Mesopotamian environment. 2. Mesopotamia and Egypt had many differences,, but they were both similar in one thing, â€Å"Both cultures were made possible by an agricultural surplus, in particular an access of grain (25, Standage).† It funded many a vast amount of public works/constructions to be possible such as canals, temples and pyramids and also freed a small elite of administrators and craftsmen from the need to produce their own food. Grain was the main national diet in both Mesopotamia and Egypt, refereed to as â€Å"edible money† because it was consumed in both liquid and solid form. 3. â€Å"†¦ Grain was the basis of the national diet in both Egypt and Mesopotamia (26, Standage)†, it was consumed as not only beer, but bread too. Many people supplemented themselves with bread, beer, dates and onions (sometimes with meat and of course additional vegetables); Dates provided vitamin A, beer provided vitamin B and everything else added up to 3,5000 to 4,000 calories. They both had different ways of seeing how beer should actually be used sometimes but they both used it in the same way most of the time, for pleasure and to satisfy. 4. Gilgamesh was a Sumerian kind who ruled around 2700 BCE and tells s story that includes a wild man that becomes human by being introduced to beer and food by a woman, â€Å"He drank the veer-seven jugs! – and became expansive and sang with joy†¦ He was elated and his face glowed†¦ he splashed his shaggy body with water†¦ and turned into human (27, Standage).† Sumerian myths affected people by depicting the gods as very  fallible, human characters who enjoy eating and drinking, usually drinking too much; Sumerian writing might have also inspired how Egyptians starting writing. 5. â€Å"As in Mesopotamia, beer was thought to have ancient and mythological origins, and it appears in prayers, myths, and legends (28, Standage),† not only in Mesopotamia did they find beer to be â€Å"sacred† but in Egypt too, one tale even gives credits to beer with saving humankind from destruction, â€Å"Mesopotamians and Egyptians alike saw beer as an ancient, god given drink that underpinned their existence, formed part of their cultural and religious identity, and had great social importance (29, Standage).† In both cultures, without beer, the meal wouldn’t be complete. Beer is one of the reasons that led to the the arising of civilizations, mainly because it combined different social groups from high class to low class, from adults to children; it let people have something in common, something they could share, no matter how much money you had or even your age. 6. Originally, writing was invented to record the collection and distribution of grain, beer and other goods; it arose as a continuation of the Neolithic custom of, â€Å"using tokens to account for contributions to a communal storehouse (30, Standage).† Since there was s surplus of food, Sumerian cities collected it usually as offerings to gods, but in practice were consumed by the temple to help maintain public structures such as irrigation systems because of the unpredictable â€Å"Mesopotamian environment.† Later though, tokens were abandoned and pictograms came to represent numbers and even gods too, â€Å"Having started out as a means of recording tax receipts and ration payments, writing soon evolved into a more flexible, expressive, and abstract medium (34, Standage).† 7. Our modern Latin alphabet can be traced back to the Mesopotamians and Egyptians. After tokens were abandoned, pictograms came to place depicting gods and numbers. By around 3000 BCE writing had evolved a little bit more, â€Å"The end result was the first general-purpose form of writing, based on wedge-shaped, or â€Å"cuneiform†, indentations made in clay tablets using reeds (24, Standage).† 8. â€Å"Both civilizations barley and wheat, and their processed solid and liquid forms, bread and beer, became more than just staple foodstuffs; they were convenient and widespread forms or payments and currency (25, Standage)†, people were paid for their work in loaves of bread and jars of beer; even women and children were paid by this. The use of bread and beer as wages or  currency mean that they became associated with prosperity and well-being, â€Å"The ancient Egyptians identified them so closely with the necessities of life that the phrase ‘bread and beer’ meant sustenance in general; their combined hieroglyphics formed the symbol for food (37, Standage).† Beer was also used medically for both Egyptians and Mesopotamians. 9. Since beer, being boiled, was less likely to be contaminated than water, it had the advantage of having ingredients dissolve easily in it. A cuneiform tablet from the Sumerian city of Nippur, contains a list of medical recipes based on beer, â€Å"In Egypt, beer’s use as a mild sedative was recognized, and it was also the bass for several medical concoctions of herbs and spices†¦ Half an onion mixed with frothy beer was said to cure constipation, for example, while powdered olives mixed with beer cured indigestion; a mixture of saffron and beer massaged into a woman’s abdomen was prescribed for labor pains (38, Standage).† 10. Egyptians believed that their well-being in the afterlife depended on having a â€Å"satisfying† supply of breed and beer. A normal funerary offering consisted of bread, beer, oxen, geese, cloth, and natron, a purification agent, â€Å"Scenes and models of brewing and baking have been found in Egyptian tombs, along with jars of beer (long since evaporated) and beer-making equipment (38, Standage).† From emperors to ordinary citizens, they were all buried with a small or large jar of beer.

Descriptive- the Book I Want Essay

There are moments during the day when there is just too much noise. White noise hisses from the television in the corner. The high pitch buzz of rock music blares from earbuds implanted into the ears of someone nearby. Even the insistent clickity-clack of fingers across a computer keyboard seem to add to the flurry of traffic already flushed into my mind, via my overwhelmed ears. For me, there is one moment in my day that quiet is treasured. When I can no longer take it, I escape to a brick and mortar bookstore and treat myself to a hardback book. When I walk in, I am always taken aback by the towering displays of tomes; the precariously perched novels appearing like high divers waiting to plunge to the earth below. I find myself tipping-toeing around the pyramid tables, holding my breath to keep their descent from happening. I scan the plethora of shelves for something to read. Then, without warning, I see it. Hiding away, leaned back against a cold metal shelf, is the one I want; my book of choice, Ready Player One by Ernest Cline. The glossy red and yellow book jacket stands in sharp contrast to the harsh, dulled brown of its perch, like a square apple hanging from a gnarled tree. The crisp, jacket edges fall like a neatly pleated skirt around a strong sturdy backing. Embossed letters softly raise themselves to my eyes as if to say, ‘hello’, and bid me to take them home. I spy uniformed ivory pages sandwiched between the black binding, small gaps in the spacing attempt to cry out with a silent, ‘open at me first’. My mind reels at what might be uncovered once I take it home, do I dare? The hardback emits such a yearning to me, that I cannot stop a gently quivering hand from reaching out and lifting it off the ledge. At first touch, the novel is cool and smooth beneath warm meager fingers. The imprinted title on the book’s sleeve rolls beneath my fingertips, like gently sloping mountains surrounding wide expansive valleys. Tracing outside the lettering, I find the rest of the cover faintly akin to sandpaper, and draw my fingers back. I rest the digest atop flat palms to feel for its weight & length. It is not so light that it may be mistaken for a mere picture book, yet it does not carry enough weight as War and Peace might. It would make a lovely specimen in my growing collect. I tenderly run my fingertips across closed pages, savoring the minute detail of mismatched page lengths. Subsequently, I soothingly open the story just enough to hear it murmur to me. My ears delight in the sudden recognition of hundreds of small birds fluttering, as if startled by someone traipsing through their habitat. Closing the lid on this glee, I am met by the crackling pop of the book’s spine; a tribute to a roaring fire that would be waiting for us once we reached home. Sighing softly, I make my way to the front of the store to purchase my indulgence. I brush off the jacket only to find the swishing of my hand calls to mind the gentle simmer of butter in a hot pan upon the stove. For an instant, my desire for my book is momentarily eclipsed by my hunger, as I place my prize upon the cashier’s stand. The echoing thud sounds like a dropped suitcase on a marble floor in an empty airport terminal, always louder then you expect it to be. I swipe my credit card as the smiling young lady behind the register: hurriedly wraps my treasure in plastic, places a paper receipt inside the bag, presents me with my purchase, and thrusts me towards the exit. Walking out, I have a sense of anticipation building within my chest. I have my prize, and all that remains is to get home to the safety of my quiet room and secluded chair. My breath catches in my throat as I think of how wonderful it will be to relish in the first written words of the story. I imagine myself like Neil Armstrong, except taking a step into a new fantasy and not onto the moon. The drive home is marred with endless lines of cars braking at multiple stoplights. We pulse between the gas and brake pedals, like the jerky motion of a springy horse at a public playground. The constant rocking forward and back has started to slowly lull me to sleep, so I turn up the air, unexpectedly puffing the bag around my reward. Immediately, the vents push the scent of new paper into my face, I breathe deeply. The lingering spice of aged leather and printer ink reminds me of long hours curled up in the quiet, delighting in an author’s heady language. I slowly exhale my valued lungful of air, when I notice I am within reach of my home. My heart leaps at the memory of my hushed home; its tranquility will only add to the soothing moments I plan on spending with Mr. Cline, an escape from the hustle of noise. Pulling into my driveway I get a twinge in my heart of something gone wrong, like the smell of looming rain before a massive storm. The car door slamming should be thunderous, but its noise is drowned out by the riotous thumping of a bass drum. Making my way into the house, the clash of a high hat cymbal rattles the glass, distinctly reminding me of lightning doing the same during the last storm. Somehow, I get the distinct feeling that my attempts to have a quiet, relaxed noiseless reading time will be trumped by the clamor next door. And wouldn’t you guess it, I was right.

Essay Sample on Management in Japan

Essay Sample on Management in Japan Management in Japan, as well as in any other country, reflects its historical features, culture and public psychology. It is directly connected with social and economic setup of the country. Japanese methods of management are radically distinct from European and American. It doesnt mean that the Japanese operate more effectively. It is possible to tell more likely, that main principles of the Japanese and European management lay in different planes, having a few points of crossing. The Japanese management is based on collectivism. It uses all moral and psychological levers of influence on the person. First of all, call of duty to collective, which is almost identical to feeling of shame in the Japanese mentality. Considering the fact that Japanese tax system works on getting citizen’s incomes and welfare to some average value, by progressive-fiscal mechanism, welfare stratification in society is minimal, therefore it enables to use feeling of collectivism as effectively as possible. Japanese method of management differs from European and US methods first of all by its direction: main subject in Japanese management is human resources. Objective that Japanese top-mangers use to face with is to raise operating efficiency over increasing productivity of labor. Meanwhile, European and American management objective is profit maximization, with as low efforts as possible. We can define such characteristics of Japanese management: Employment guarantees lead to stability of manpower and reduce employee turnover. Stability serves as incentive for workers and employees, it strengthens corporate community feeling, harmonizes relations between ordinary workers and management. Released from pressing threat of dismissal and having a real opportunity for further promotion, workers receive motivation for strengthening feeling of fellowship with company. Stability gives possibility to increase quantity of managerial resources, on the one hand, and knowingly to direct their vector on the objectives more significant, than discipline maintenance, on the other hand. Japanese Employment guarantees provide system of lifelong hiring – unique occurrence that is doesnt clear for European mindset. When all managerial levels and workers start using common information database about firm politics and activity, atmosphere of participation and common responsibility starts to develop, improves interaction and increases productivity. In this respect meetings where engineers and administrative workers take part, bring in essential results. Japanese management also tries to create common base of understanding of corporate values for company’s workers such as qualitative service priority, cooperation between workers and administration, cooperation and interaction of departments. Management aspires to cultivate and maintain corporate values at all levels. Japanese companys presidents speak about necessity of quality assurance more often. While managing manufacture process their main care getting accurate data about quality. Personal care of the head consists of fastening efforts over quality control, and as a result, running his area of manufacture with highest quality Data gathering and its systematic applying to increase economic efficiency of manufacture, qualitative characteristics of manufacture and qualitative characteristics of production is given special sense. Every month head of the company checks income items, volume of manufacture, quality and gross receipt, to find out if results are coincided with defined values and to reveal future problems on early stages of their appearance. To cope with difficulties and to assist in solving problems in order of their appearance Japanese often allocate management personnel right in working area. While problems are solving little innovations are added and it leads to accumulating extra novelties. In Japan to assist additional innovations the system of innovative offers and groups of quality is widely used. Cleanness and order on manufacture is one of the essential factors that make Japanese goods of high quality. Directors set such order that helps increase productivity and quality of work. In general Japanese management is characterized by emphasis on improvement of human relations: coordination, collectivism, high moral qualities of workers and employees, harmonization of relations in corporation between workers and management. If you need a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis, dissertation on Management, Economics, Business or other discipline feel free to contact our professional custom writing service.

Census Offers Statistics on Older Americans

Census Offers Statistics on Older Americans On July 1, 2004, 12 percent of all Americans were 65 years of age and over. By 2050, people 65 and over will comprise an impressive 21 percent of the U.S. population, reports the U.S. Census Bureau. Every year since May 1963, Older Americans Month has been honored with a presidential proclamation. Last year, President George W.  Bush said, â€Å"Older Americans help others to understand the past, and they teach timeless lessons of courage, endurance and love. Through their legacy of patriotism, service, and responsibility, Americas seniors also unite families and communities and serve as role models for younger generations.† In observance of Older Americans Month 2005, the U.S. Census Bureau has compiled some revealing statistics about Americas aging population. Population 36.3 million The number of people 65 and over in the U.S. on July 1, 2004. This age group accounts for 12 percent of the total U.S. population. Between 2003 and 2004, 351,000 people moved into this age group.86.7 million Projected number of people 65 and over in the year 2050. People in this age group would comprise 21 percent of Americas total population at that time.147% Projected percentage increase in the 65-and-over population between 2000 and 2050. By comparison, the population as a whole would have increased by only 49 percent over the same period. Jobs 4.6 million Number of people age 65 and over who are still employed. This amounts to 13 percent of all people in this age group. Education 77%- Proportion of people ages 65 to 69 who graduated from high school. Seventy-three percent of people ages 70 to 74 and 68 percent of those 75 and over are also high school graduates.20% Percentage of the population ages 65 to 69 who have a bachelors degree or higher education. Among people ages 70 to 74, 19 percent have achieved this level of education; for those 75 and over, 15 percent are college graduates.73,000 Number of people 65 and over enrolled in college in October 2002.The Census Bureau has also reported that a college degree greatly increases a persons lifetime earnings, with persons holding masters degrees typically earning $1.3 million over their lifetimes than those with high school diplomas only. On a yearly basis, a college degree typically at least doubles a persons average annual earnings.   Income and Wealth $108,885 Median net worth in 2000 of households with householders 65 and over. In contrast, householders under the age of 35 had a median household net worth of $7,240.$23,787 Median 2003 income of households with householders 65 and over, statistically unchanged, in real terms, from the previous year.10.2% Poverty rate for people 65 and over in 2003. Voting Patterns 65% Percentage of registered voters ages 65 to 74 who voted in the 2002 Congressional election. Seventy-two percent of people ages 65 to 74 voted in the 2000 presidential election. This age group had the highest rate of voter participation in both the 2000 and 2002 elections. Service to Our Nation 9.7 million Estimated number of people age 65 and over who are military veterans. [Source: U.S. Census Bureau]

Business management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Business management - Essay Example On the other hand behavioral theory argues out that any individual who can adopt a behavior that is appropriate can be considered to be a good leader. Behaviors could be learned in an easier manner than traits making the leaders to access all behaviors. As opposed to the trait theory that believes that all leaders may be born, behavioral theory argues out that leaders may not be born. The process of leadership can be learned thus not automatic. Different leaders are made through hard work and efforts. The behavioral theory argues out that managers’ potential of leadership can be could be trained to leadership that is effective thus leadership needs to be combined together with management so as to obtain significant outcome. In this regard, the theories of behavior are based on the idea that leaders are normally made instead being born. With this basis, the theory of behaviourism focus on the leaders actions instead of traits. Transformational leadership is a leadership style that facilitates morale, performance, and motivation of the followers by using various mechanisms. The first mechanism include having the follower’s identity and self sense connected towards the project and an organization’s identity. The second mechanism is challenging the followers for them to assume a great working ownership. The third mechanism involves serving as a role model of the followers hence inspiring them and boosting their interest. The last mechanism involves getting to know the weaknesses and the strengths of the followers for the leader to align the followers with tasks for enhancement of their performance. An organization that will call for transformational leadership is an organization whose workers need their needs to be addresses, for them to rise beyond self interest for the organizational sake. This is an organization whose workers have a consciousness level considered as below the optimal level o f the

Is organic produce really healthier than nonorganic - is organic Research Paper

Is organic produce really healthier than nonorganic - is organic really healthier - Research Paper Example xtent, the distinction between the organic produce and the nonorganic produce is realized based on the agricultural methods by which treatment of plant growth is carried out. At this stage, the farming processes for conventionally grown crops essentially differ from those implemented on the organics with respect to specific requirements that set the desired conditions for either approach. Eventually, this becomes the chief ground when traceable chemical substances or post-process residual components are detected on crops, causing possible threat to human health. By ‘organic’, the implications of the term pertain to the utilization of ecologically-balanced self-sustaining agricultural methods which abide by the application of wholly natural resources rather than synthetic derivatives in farming. Organic crops necessitate growth in natural soil and must be kept from alterations and be maintained at a sufficient distance from the slots reserved for the conventional counterparts. Applying pesticides and genetically engineered genes such as those of GMOs (genetically modified organisms) is a prohibited measure. Likewise, farmers are further regulated to get rid of both the sewage sludge-based and the petroleum-based fertilizers in aiding straight organic nourishment. Sources in managing pest control highly depend instead upon natural means with biodiversity through good insects, traps, birds, and other useful elements of nature with related properties. Similarly, restoring soil fertility is conducted using manure and compost whereas regulating weed may be performed manually via hand weeding or employing equally safer options as tilling, crop rotation, and mulching (Paul, et al). On the other hand, herbicides and insecticides are commonly utilized for weed and pest control purposes, respectively, as crops are made to develop in chemically fertilized soil. This way, nonorganic produce is often analyzed to contain significant levels of pesticides from which greater

Is it morally permissible to kill one innocent person as a means to Essay

Is it morally permissible to kill one innocent person as a means to saving some larger number of innocent people's lives Why - Essay Example However, according to Kantian principle, our duty is to do certain things irrespective of the motive, at least not from a sense of duty. Sometimes one may do something he or she thinks is the right thing to do but in the end the act is wrong. For example, killing one person to save more others may seem right but killing is a crime and as such it is wrong no matter what reason it was intended. So what makes right acts right? Is morality relative or absolute? These are questions that we need to ask ourselves in order to standard ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ actions. The specific ethical issue to be tackled by this paper is whether it is permissible to kill one innocent person as a means to saving some larger number of innocent people’s lives. I will argue that it is morally permissible to kill one innocent person as it leads to the greatest good of all at least based on Professor Moore’s moral theory. There is no question that society aims at ensuring the happiness of all and this would be achieved if many lives are saved. The argument in this case, is the means to achieve this goal. Is it by sacrificing an innocent person or allowing others to die? In order to answer this question, we need to understand what it means to be morally permissible. ... In this paper thus it will be taken for granted that morality is relative. As such, it depends on the circumstances at the time of the event. It may not be the act one ‘ought to’ has done thus a duty to do as expressed by Kant but the right action given the circumstances. For example, if one man threatens the life of others it is only right to kill that person to preserve the rights of those others. However, everyone has a duty to protect life and as such killing is wrong. One ought not to take another person’s life irrespective of the situation. The subject of morality is thus very confusing and always leads to ethical dilemmas. According to normative ethical theory such as utilitarianism it is assumed that the right act is always the one that results to greatest possible happiness (PHL 275 Week Six p.1) or according to Professor Moore’s ideal utilitarianism â€Å"actions productive of more good than could have been produced by any other action open to th e agent† (Ross 16). This means that we often do not know what is right or wrong because we cannot tell what the outcomes of doing a certain action will be. Every member of society has an inalienable right to liberty, property and pursuit of happiness and as such, promoting the good of the community is the ultimate aim. Now consider killing an innocent person for the sake of other innocent people. For example, a driver may opt to knock down a pedestrian to avoid colliding with an oncoming vehicle thus saving the lives of many innocent people. Is this morally permissible? According to consequentialist utilitarianism, the act is right only if it leads to producing more good or happiness. I would like to assume that many people would

Criticisms And Arguments Against Transformational Leadership Management Essay

Criticisms And Arguments Against Transformational Leadership Management Essay A person can have many distinctive qualities, leadership is among those qualities, not everyone possess such quality, which made this quality special and extraordinary. In the field of business, a decision often comes down to success and failure, leadership is one of the most important quality for a managerial person to have. As Thomas J. Watson, Jr. had put it: I believe the real difference between success and failure in a corporation can be very often traced to the question of how well the organization brings out the great energies and talents of its people. Leaders that can bring positive or beneficial effect to a group or enterprise are consider as a transformational leader, they are energetic, passionate, not only they focus on the systems and the structure of a business, they also focus on the individual employee to do well and to be successful as well. According to Cox (2001), leadership is divided into two categories: transactional leadership and transformational leadership. The distinction between the two, according to James McGregor Burns work on political leader (1978), are those ones who uses the policy of rewards to motive and earn his/her employees efficiency and loyalty, is called transactional leader; and those ones who gets involve with his/her employee, also possess determination and committed towards success as well as motivates its employees in exchange for their high performance, also their loyalty. However, in this ever changing world, business leaders needs improve his/her skill and ability in order to coordinate wit h the change. In this particular essay, the main focus will be on the transformational leadership and some of the arguments and criticisms against it, as well as some counter arguments in favor of the transformational leadership; along with supporting explanations, facts and various examples. Arguments against Transformational Leadership Theory: Study results shows that Transformational Leadership have its positive effect on organizations, improve its work productivity, performance and as well as the creativities, according to Bass and Avolio (1994), it can be found in every aspect of an enterprise, because sometimes transformational leaders are the type of leaders needed for an company to survive, according to Burn (1978): recognizes and exploits an existing need or demand of a potential followerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ looks for potential motives in followers, seeks to satisfy higher needs, and engages the full person of the follower. A transformational leader in an organization often break through its frame of organization culture and thrive, which made transformational leadership one of the most renewed and popular leadership theory in modern days, nevertheless, its resplendency is not without oppugns. There are many criticisms against the theory of transformational leadership, one of the criticism is transformational theory is very difficult to be trained or taught, because its components are too comprehensive; on the other hands, one of the argument against transformational leadership is that supporters might be handled by leaders. Among them all, one of the important key criticisms against transformational theory is accusing it to be only for the selected individuals, which may lead to abusing of power. As Colonel Mark .A Homig (2001) have stated that: Transformational leadership is a double edged sword. Which means that, when a transformational leader over done his part in terms of leadership, his/her innate defect in personality or even later life experience can turn him/her into another type transformational leadership, the one on the opposite side-Pseudo transformation leadership. According to Mark. A. Homig: has a potential immoral and unethical dimension that could be exp loited by an unscrupulous leader inflicted on naive and unsuspecting followers. For example, Adolf Hitler was elected as the leader of Germany, he came into power during Germanys economic inflation and depression in 1920s, he did pull Germany out of its economic depression, however, after first couple of years honeymoon between him and the country, his follower later become so obsessed with him and followed him blindly into his conquest for his so called Lebensraum for Germany, which brought one of the worst disaster to Europe. Other example is Shoko Asahara, founder and leader of Aum Shinrikyo, also known as Aleph, a Japanese cult that is responsible for the Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995. The second key argument against transformational leadership is the un-clarity of its definition and components, since the definitions of the four components (Inspirational, Intellectual, Idealized, and Individualized) associated with transformational leadership are overlapping each other. According to Brayman (1992), the transformational leadership looks more suited to be a set of personality characteristics rather than special requirements. There are other various arguments against transformational leadership as well, like the ones associated with ethics, according to Avolio and Howell (1992), qualities that makes a great leader can lead to unethical act, as the first key point in this section stated, such leader can make his/her follower to make unethical decisions and even commit crimes as well, according to Yukl.G. (1998). One example for this case is Hitler. Within this essay, the focus will be on the above arguments, in the following section, and in-depth analysis will be done. Supports for the Transformational Leadership theory: Two of the key arguments against transformational leadership theory primarily focus on the un-clarity of its concepts, and accusing it to be misleading. However, if we take a closer look at the details and examine the core components of the transformational leadership theory, one can easily notices the arguments against transformational leadership is losing its roots. Based on Benard. M, Bass (2006)s book on Transformational leadership, the qualification of transformational leaders are those who has great personality qualities and the ability to influence others in exchange for their loyalty, it focuses on the processes between the leader and followers. Therefore, those who uses negative examples of transformational leadership such as Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini to fault the transformational leadership theorys core concept is false, because idea or the overall construction of the theory of the transformational leadership is solid, and does not varies when people interpolate it dif ferently. Arguments such as the requirements for transformational leadership are sets of personality traits, and it cannot be taught or learn, Oscar Arias (cited in blog: leadership, 2010) have stated: More than knowledge, leaders need character. Values and ethics are vitally important. The basics of leadership can be taught. What is desperately needed is more responsible leadership a new ethic to confront the challenges of our day. Based on an interview and commentary essay done by Jonathan P. Doh (, many educators believes that transformational leadership can be taught, in fact all types of leadership can be taught and learned. Here are some of the quoted interviews from that report: Jay Conger (Professor of Organizational Behavior at the London Business School and Senior Research Scientist, Center for Organizations at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles) have :Yes, most definitely. Here work experiences, bosses, special projects, and role models, education all play a role in leadership development. Using an analogy with sports, not everyone can become an outstanding player despite coaching, yet most will benefit and improve their game. A few will go on to become stars or outstanding leaders given coaching, extensive experiences, and personal drive. Also from Kim S. Cameron (Professor of Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management at the University of Michigan Business School.) said that: Some people have an inclination to learn some competencies faster or better than others, of course, and some people reflect more charismatic or likable characteristics than others. But many great leaders are not those that appear on the covers of Time and Fortune. They have learned to achieve spectacular results in their own circumstances. Think of parents. Can people learn to become better parents, or are we just born either competent or not? Everyone would agree that effective parenting can be learned and improved. So can effective leadership. Leadership can also be taught, according to Jay Conger, Kim Cameron, and Steve Stumpf (cited in Jonathan P. Dohs interview essay), have all agreed that leadership can be taught, but only to a certain extent. The reason behind this is the three dimensions of leadership: skills, perspectives and dispositions. Just like in school, everything can be taught to students, but there are always some students do better than others, in terms of adapting knowledge, and the ability of applying the knowledge that they have learned. Skills can be taught, and perspectives can be trained, however, dispositions such as ambitions, mental capacity, etc.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.is difficult to teach. Bottom line is, leadership can be taught and learned through education and training. There are a lot of examples of leaders that proved valuable to a company, just to name of few in this essay. Steve Jobs is one of the perfect example, he was fired from apple and later came back, and turned Apple into one of the most profitable technology company in the world. Another example is Gordon Bethune, CEO of Continental Airlines (merged with United in 2010), and he joined Continental Airlines during its bankruptcy, during that time, company was losing $55 million dollars per month, he, however, not only eliminated the debt they had at that not, but also increased Continental Airlines stock price from $2 a share to $50 a share. Conclusion: In conclusion, Transformational leadership theory have proved its value throughout the modern days, even if there are some criticisms, it still not enough to effect the core concept of transformational leadership theory. Counter arguments in support for the transformational leadership theory, have proved its aptitude in work performance, quality and earn their loyalty. Key arguments have been vindicated in this essay, even though, motive of a leader sometimes is questionable, but this does not change the core construction of the theory; transformational leadership theory or any leadership theory can be learned or taught, only difference is how well one can adapt and apply the knowledge of leadership. Transformational leadership is surely one of the most popular theory, and most likely will become the resolution for todays organization, as todays enterprises facing many tough challenges such as creativity, sustainability, and uniqueness.