Introduction to the Lapita Cultural Complex

The Lapita culture is the name given to the artifactual remains associated with the people who settled the area east of the Solomon Islands called Remote Oceania between 3400 and 2900 years ago. The earliest Lapita sites are located in the Bismarck islands, and within 400 years of their founding, the Lapita had spread over an area of 3,400 kilometers, stretching through the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia, and eastward to Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa. Located on small islands and the coasts of larger islands, and separated from one another by as much as 350 kilometers, the Lapita lived in villages of stilt-legged houses and earth-ovens, made distinctive pottery, fished and exploited marine and aquacultural resources, raised domestic chickens, pigs and dogs, and grew fruit- and nut-bearing trees. Lapita Cultural Attributes Pottery making workshop demonstrating Lapita pottery styles as part of Heritage Month 2017 in New Caledonia. Gà ©rard Lapita pottery consists of mostly plain, red-slipped, coral sand-tempered wares; but a small percentage are ornately decorated, with intricate geometric designs incised or stamped onto the surface with a fine-toothed dentate stamp, perhaps made of turtle or clamshell. One often-repeated motif in Lapita pottery is what appears to be stylized eyes and nose of a human or animal face. The pottery is built, not wheel thrown, and low-temperature fired. Other artifacts found at Lapita sites include shell tools including fishhooks, obsidian, and other cherts, stone adzes, personal ornaments such as beads, rings, pendants and carved bone. That artifacts are not completely uniform throughout Polynesia, but rather seem to be spatially variable. Tattooing The practice of tattooing has been reported in ethnographic and historical records throughout the Pacific, by one of two methods: cutting and piercing. In some cases, a series of very small cuts is made to create a line, and then pigment was rubbed into the open wound. A second method involves the use of a sharp point which is dipped into the prepared pigment and then used to pierce the skin. Evidence for tattooing in Lapita cultural sites has been identified in the form of small flake points made by alternating retouch. These tools sometimes categorized as gravers have a typically square body with a point raised well above the body. A 2018 study combining use-wear and residue analysis was conducted by Robin Torrence and colleagues on a collection of 56 such tools from seven sites. They found a considerable variation across time and space as to how the tools were used to intentionally introduce charcoal and ochre into wounds to create a permanent mark on the skin. Origins of the Lapita Young men in canoes in Northwest Malakula, Vanuatu.   Russell Gray Heidi Colleran (Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History) In 2018, a multidisciplinary study of DNA by the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History reported support for ongoing multiple explorations of greater Oceania beginning about 5,500 years ago. The study led by Max Planck researcher Cosimo Posth looked at the DNA of 19 ancient individuals across Vanuatu, Tonga, French Polynesia and the Solomon islands, and 27 inhabitants of Vanuatu. Their results indicate that the earliest Austronesian expansion began 5,500 years ago, starting from modern-day Taiwan, and ultimately carrying people as far westward as far as Madagascar and eastward to Rapa Nui. About 2,500 years ago, people from the Bismarck archipelago began arriving on Vanuatu, in multiple waves, marrying into the Austronesian families. The continual influx of people from the Bismarcks must have been fairly small, because islanders today still speak Austronesian, rather than Papuan, as would be expected, given that the initial genetic Austronesian ancestry seen in the ancient DNA has been almost completely replaced in the modern residents.   Decades of research have identified obsidian outcrops used by the Lapita in the Admiralty Islands, West New Britain, Fergusson Island in the D’Entrecasteaux Islands, and the Banks Islands in Vanuatu. Obsidian artifacts found in datable contexts on Lapita sites throughout Melanesia have allowed researchers to refine the previously established massive colonization efforts of the Lapita sailors. Archaeological Sites Lapita, Talepakemalai in the Bismarck Islands; Nenumbo in the Solomon Islands; Kalumpang (Sulawesi); Bukit Tengorak (Sabah); Uattamdi on Kayoa Island; ECA, ECB aka Etakosarai on Eloaua Island; EHB or Erauwa on Emananus Island; Teouma on Efate Island in Vanuatu; Bogi 1, Tanamu 1, Moriapu 1, Hopo, in Papua New Guinea Sources Johns, Dilys Amanda, Geoffrey J. Irwin, and Yun K. Sung. An Early Sophisticated East Polynesian Voyaging Canoe Discovered on New Zealands Coast. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.41 (2014): 14728–33. Print.Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth. Ancient DNA and the Human Settlement of the Pacific: A Review. Journal of Human Evolution 79 (2015): 93–104. Print.Posth, Cosimo, et al. Language Continuity Despite Population Replacement in Remote Oceania. Nature Ecology Evolution 2.4 (2018): 731–40. Print.Skelly, Robrt, et al. Tracking Ancient Beach-Lines Inland: 2600-Year-Old Dentate-Stamped Ceramics at Antiquity 88.340 (2014): 470–87. Print.Hopo, Vailala River Region, Papua New Guinea.Specht, Jim, et al. Deconstructing the Lapita Cultural Complex in the Bismarck Archipelago. Journal of Archaeological Research 22.2 (2014): 89–140. Print.Torrence, Robin, et al. Tattooing Tools and the Lapita Cultural Complex. Archaeology in Oceania 53.1 (2018): 58â⠂¬â€œ73. Print.Valentin, Frà ©dà ©rique, et al. Early Lapita Skeletons from Vanuatu Show Polynesian Craniofacial Shape: Implications for Remote Oceanic Settlement and Lapita Origins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113.2 (2016): 292–97. Print.

HUM Assignment Free Essays

He did not believe anyone could prove existence of God. Voltaire was envisioned in Pastille prison in 171 7 to 1718 because, he iterated persons whom he served. He was also envisioned in 1 726 in England for the same offense. We will write a custom essay sample on HUM Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now In his novel he shows examples of how he did so. Attacking religious prejudices when they falsely accused persons. In a sense he teased religion because, he thought they were corrupt. He shows that religion would be better without a specific leader. Once in Loaded there was nothing wrong, everyone was excited. Although religion was still very much important, there was not a specific person to control the people. Everyone was an equal. Voltaire went through plenty of trials and tribulations during his journey, He name across so much hatred because of his beliefs. No matter how difficult or rough things seemed for him, something meaningful came from it. He was brought up around Christian beliefs and views, from ages ten until seventeen. He attended â€Å"The Jesuit College go Louis Lee-Grandee†. This is when he started to reject his Christian views. Unsure of his reasons, can only assume he believed is was unnatural. In the novel â€Å"Candied† there is a surprise ending. Voltaire learned how to be optimistic rather than a pessimist. He learned how to rationalize. He states â€Å"tend to the small things that we can do well- thus keeping total pessimism at ay- and leave the world at large to keep on its incompetent, evil, and even horrific way. (Chapter 25, Pig 81 7) I believe he is saying try not to look at the negative all the time and be optimistic. One person can not change the world. Even though there are negative things seen everywhere, everyday. Look on the brighter side. I realized this in the ended of the story. I believed the author Was very successful at convincing me because, throughout the novel his image was portrayed, as someone who can careless about what persons think of him. He is st ays stern to his views. How to cite HUM Assignment, Papers

Narrative Therapy of Depression-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write a critical evaluation of the Narrative Therapy Session, providing examples from the session citing the transcripts provided, identify the strengths and weaknesses of the model in practice, and discuss any ethical and professional issues that might be identified. Answer: Introduction: Human mind is often compared to a labyrinth. Truly said, it is difficult to understand what a person might feel at a given time or how he/she might respond to a small thing. Studies reveal that our past experience play a critical role in determining how we may react to upcoming situations or how do we go about our lives in the future. The human mind stores away information in far away corners. Consciously it is impossible for an individual to know what lies in the deeper layers of our experience. (Ribeiro et al, 2016,p.687)We are interacting with ourselves every moment, that too without realizing it! Thus it can be noted that experience play an important role in the life of an individual. The Narrative Therapy approach is based on this belief. Therapists help individuals to overcome any problem that they might be facing by delving in their experience or stories. Developed by Michael White and David Epston, narrative theory is a form of therapy which makes a person look at his/hers problem from a third eye perspective and encourages people to use their capabilities to address the problem that they might be facing. Though out an individuals life a persons personal experience go on to make chapters in their biography. These experiences and stories are enchased by the therapist to help the narrator understand the purpose of his/hers life.( Vetere Dowling,2016,p.12) The therapy finds its base on the inherent competencies and skills which individuals process naturally and how these can be used in the times of need to help them guide their own life. Thus narrative therapy can be stated as a nonpathologizing, collaborative and empowering method of intervention. The therapy uses the strategy of externalizing conversation, re-authoring, remembering conversation and unique outcomes. Externalizing conversation underlines the fact that the person is not the problem. It is the situation which requires change. Re-authoring focus on the internal ideas a person might have and how these ideas can be made use to bring change in the current situation, i.e. rewriting or re-authoring new stories. Remembering- conversation help individuals to identify with their social achievement. Finally unique outcome guide the client towards the newer plains. In the following assignment we will look into the practical examples of using the therapy and thereby understand how the various aspects of the same operate. In the following example we come across a young girl studying in the 8th standard. Like most if the kids of her age, Kristy is over burdened and finds it extremely difficult to maintain an effective academic background, an active social life , as well as managing her basket ball lessons. (Gonalves et al, 2016,p.460)She made it clear through her conversation with Steven Mulligan (therapist) that the process is tiring, since she has to practice a strict time management process. Through the use of narrative therapy, Kristy understood that it is important for her to learn this fine art of time management since it is an important element of her future job roles Narrative therapy rests on the concept that simply objectifying the problem or stating it acts as a the solution of the same. For example Kristy feels she is unable to give the required amount of attention to the activities that she pursues. However through the process of the therapy she comes to state that she is sure that she is not the only one in her age group facing this issue. She knows hundreds of other eighth grader find it difficult to manage their activities, but eventually they get it done in the end. Thus there is some way of doing it and gradually she will be able to identify it. The technique used in this case is called re-authoring or re-storying .In this model the practitioner helps the client to find their own voice and narrate their story. It is believed, that this model, through storytelling, help an individual to find meaning and purpose in their personal experience. This technique is so named since it helps clients re-write their story based on their own experience.( Lopes et al,2014p.670) While this narrative therapy proceeds, the therapist and the client is to develop an alternative story line, this helps the client in establishing a contrast between the problem and the persons true nature, and provides the client an opportunity to rewrite their existing story. For example, Steven Mulligan asks Kristy about what her parents, grandparents, friends and her sister perceive of her. Kristy replies that her friends may say that she is loyal, honest and supportive. Her parents may say that she is a good child, focused on studies and stays out of trouble. T hese ideas about what others might think about her may give Kristy the confidence required at the moment and help her face the problem in hand. Another way, narrative therapy helps people is by identifying what maybe absent but implied. By understanding the problem, it is possible to discover, what is truly important to the person, in a wider context; beyond the problem. This helps the person by identifying the experiences which may not be visible upfront but guide their judgments and decisions later in life. Like Kristy knows that she should not take part in activities which she might not be able to handle at the moment. But she has developed this idea that she should not be wasting or whiling her time. Thus even if she might be suffering under the yoke of time management, she takes part in activities, thus keeping herself pre occupied.( Ricks et al,2014,p.100) Beneath all this, Kristy exhibits a deep concern for her near and dear once. She feels bad when she is unable to give time to her friends, family and grandparents. This is highlighted when she feels her sister; Kelly might say that Kristy should be around more often. She also has this strong desire to stand up to the expectations that her family members might have of her and to make them proud. The method of narrative therapy underlines the persons, in this case Kristys strength and skills. The therapist is seen to be motivating Kristy every now and then by saying that she has got things in her control at a young age. Another major strength of the method is, it allows the individual to solve the problem themselves. (DeMille Montgomery,2016,p.10) Through the conversations therapists make the clients realize their hidden potential and how they can use these hidden stories to overcome their current problem. For example the conversation with Kristy started on the note that the young girl was concerned about how she is going to effectively manage her time to incorporate all the activities that she takes part in, including her academics and social life.( Gudio et al,2017,p.270) Through the conversation, the therapist was able to help Kristy to realize that she has a strong will power and a firm determination based on which she can take over anything she wishes to. In addition to that the therapist helped in building parallel storyline for the girl. Kristy is seen to mention during the conversation that her friends have strong faith in her decision, and very often come to seek advices from her. This will go on to re emphasis the confidence level of the young girl, and make her realize that whatever decision she takes in relation to effective time management will be a thought after one. The therapy helps the client to look at their problem objectively. This in turn helps the client to consider alternative interpretation to the stories. Like initially Kristy seemed to be quite upset about the fact that she is unable to incorporate all her activities within a given time frame. (Denborough,2014,p.200).However, as the conversation proceeds she is seen to be concerned about making her parents proud. It is in this light, it is revealed that she takes part in multiple activities along with her desires to keep a high academic score. In addition to the above mentione d merits, the theory is quite creative and fun for those who have been in therapy before and have been disillusioned. (Robinson, Jacobsen Foster,2015,p.30) Since psychology is the science that deals with the human mind, it difficult to evolve a perfect tool or method of analyzing situations and people. To that end narrative theory is marked by certain limitations.( Ribeiro et al,2016,p.170) Firstly compared with oriental methods of psychology, such as psychotherapy, narrative therapy is new and yet does not have strong literatures to support it. Another problem faced in this therapy method, is many a time clients find it uncomfortable to be their own exp0ert while driving the process. Though this technique proves to be of use for many, it has a few negative impacts. (Ikonomopoulos et al,2015,p.461) This method relies heavily on a persons past experience in order to solve the current problems. However, many a time, individuals identify themselves through the problems he/she has gone through in the past, thus leaving them hopeless, isolated and empty. Finally this method cannot be applied to all types of clients. For example, a client wit h low mental ability will not be able to make use if the method, the same is applied for clients with limited language skills. Like other therapies, narrative therapy also has a concern of ethical issues. Since it involves identifying and accessing the personal information of clients, high level of confidentiality must be maintained by practitioners.( Graham,2017,p.705) For example in this case, the therapist seeked for Kristys permission in order to use their conversation as an example. In addition to that therapists must also understand the cultural impact of their work and their practice. However in some cases, it is important for the therapist to mention when and not confidentiality can be maintained. It is an ethical bindation that therapists make their qualification and experiences known. Many lawsuits have been charged against therapist who have presented themselves to be more qualified than they actually are. It is seen in the above example that Steven Mulligan begins the discussion by giving his own introduction. (Sword et al, 2014, p.200)During such sessions, since a lot of personal information is shared by the client there remains a chance that a relationship might develop between the therapist and the client. This relationship is important since it helps in the easy transfer of information from one end to the other. However, therapists must employ caution and should be able to draw a limit on such relationships as a part of their ethical practice. (AnjaBjory Nylund,2016,p.89). Another important ethical concern is that the therapist must never try to establish his/her belief and idea on the client. There may be times when the client may say things which do not seem normal. It is the duty of the therapist to listen to such comments and not portray the slightest hint of disagreement to what might be saying. (Baumgartner Williams,2014,p.10) Conclusion: Narrative Therapy is a new technique employed by professionals. It is effective to deal with ADSD, anxiety, depress and helps children to cope up with the pressure they might be under. In the above assignment we try to understand how the therapy works by using the conversation between Kristy King (client) and Steven Mulligan (therapist). Kristy is seen to be struggling with her packed and hectic schedule. At the beginning of the conversation, she seems to be concerned about the fact that she is not being able to handle her priorities properly and thereby not being able to put her best. As the conversation proceeds we learn that, it is Kristy herself who is pushing the limits. She does not like lazing around, even though she enjoys it sometime. The fourteen years old seems overly matured and is in the pursuit to make her parents and family members proud. The conversation which began on the note of concern about her hectic schedule ended on the note with the young girl realizing that s he has all the strength required to get her along this though stage. As the therapist goes on to create alternate storyline, based on what Kristy thinks others perceive her as, the confidence of the young girl is seen to rise. She answers the therapist with more confidence and has clear vision about what she wants from life. References: AnjaBjory, S. M., Nylund, D. (2016). The practice of therapeuticletter writing in narrative therapy.The Handbook of Counselling Psychology. Baumgartner, B., Williams, B. D. (2014). Becoming an insider: Narrative therapy groups alongside people overcoming homelessness.Journal of Systemic Therapies,33(4), 1-14. DeMille, S. M., Montgomery, M. (2016). Integrating narrative family therapy in an outdoor behavioral healthcare program: A case study.Contemporary Family Therapy,38(1), 3-13. Denborough, D. (2014).Retelling the stories of our lives: Everyday narrative therapy to draw inspiration and transform experience. WW Norton Company. Gonalves, M. M., Ribeiro, A. P., Silva, J. R., Mendes, I., Sousa, I. (2016). Narrative innovations predict symptom improvement: Studying innovative moments in narrative therapy of depression.Psychotherapy Research,26(4), 425-435. Graham, J. M. (2014). Narrative therapy for treating video game addiction.International journal of mental health and addiction,12(6), 701-707. Gudio, O. G., Leonard, S., Stiles, A. A., Havens, J. F., Cloitre, M. (2017). STAIR Narrative Therapy for Adolescents. InEvidence-Based Treatments for Trauma Related Disorders in Children and Adolescents(pp. 251-271). Springer International Publishing. Ikonomopoulos, J., Smith, R. L., Schmidt, C. (2015). Integrating narrative therapy within rehabilitative programming for incarcerated adolescents.Journal of Counseling Development,93(4), 460-470. Lopes, R. T., Gonalves, M. M., Machado, P. P., Sinai, D., Bento, T., Salgado, J. (2014). Narrative Therapy vs. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for moderate depression: Empirical evidence from a controlled clinical trial.Psychotherapy Research,24(6), 662-674. Ribeiro, A. P., Braga, C., Stiles, W. B., Teixeira, P., Gonalves, M. M., Ribeiro, E. (2016). Therapist interventions and client ambivalence in two cases of narrative therapy for depression.Psychotherapy Research,26(6), 681-693. Ribeiro, A. P., Gonalves, M. M., Silva, J. R., Brs, A., Sousa, I. (2016). Ambivalence in narrative therapy: A comparison between recovered and unchanged cases.Clinical psychology psychotherapy,23(2), 166-175. Ricks, L., Kitchens, S., Goodrich, T., Hancock, E. (2014). My story: The use of narrative therapy in individual and group counseling.Journal of Creativity in Mental Health,9(1), 99-110. Robinson, T., Jacobsen, R., Foster, T. (2015). Group Narrative Therapy for Women With Attention?Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.Adultspan Journal,14(1), 24-34. Sword, R. M., Sword, R. K., Brunskill, S. R., Zimbardo, P. G. (2014). Time perspective therapy: A new time-based metaphor therapy for PTSD.Journal of Loss and Trauma,19(3), 197-201. Vetere, A., Dowling, E. (Eds.). (2016).Narrative therapies with children and their families: A practitioner's guide to concepts and approaches. Taylor Francis.

The Fountainhead Essays - The Fountainhead, Ayn Rand, Objectivism

The Fountainhead Philosophy demands literature that can abet the understanding of social views. Without reflective literature, man cannot begin to comprehend the essential messages behind philosophy. One such philosophy, objectivism, is represented exceptionally by the timeless novel, The Fountainhead. Through the use of compelling dialogue, Ayn Rand reveals her own feelings towards objectivism, and her thoughts towards conformity and independence. The interpretations and the implications of several of the quotes within The Fountainhead accurately depict the essence of objectivism and encourages the opposition of conventional standards through the embodiment of the uncompromising innovator "standing against the world." Society dictates that there will be those that follow and those that will lead the followers. Peter Keating is one that adheres to conformity; a man of little independent thought, a follower. Howard Roark, on the other hand, is a man aspiring to achieve a level of complete and utter independence from traditional principles. One telling passage occurs in a scene where Keating and Roark are discussing architecture. Keating: "How do you always manage to decide?" Roark: "How can you let others decide for you?" As two men on the extreme sides of conformity and independence, it is hard for Keating to understand how someone could be so sure of himself, whereas it is incomprehensible for Roark to believe that Keating could have so little self-assurance and such a lack of resolve regarding the decisions he chooses to make. In this regard, Howard Roark is greater than Peter Keating. Often times in world affairs, smaller nations adhere to a state of Finlandization; they buckle under the pressures of a larger nation because they lack the strength to strive for independent thought. Howard Roark, is a man who refuses to succumb to that greater entity and is able to think and judge for himself. Egotism is defined as an exaggerated sense of self importance. Often times, independence and conformity play a very large part in egotism. Whether a man is a conformist or non- conformist, he is affected to some degree by his own egotism. Is ego, then, harmful or beneficial to our growth and self- actualization? Katie, a somewhat ineffectual minor character had a very revealing discussion with her uncle, Ellsworth Toohey, regarding her unhappiness. Toohey: "If your first concern is for what you are or think or feel or have or haven't got---you're still a common egotist." Katie: "You mean, I must want to be unhappy?" Toohey: "No. You must stop wanting anything." Ellsworth Toohey, the humanitarian, is stating that when a person's first thoughts are about themself, than they are an egotist. Yet, to some degree, isn't everyone an egotist? If man does not care about himself, his feelings, or his possessions, and has just given up on the world, than what is that man? He is most likely be a Howard Roark. So, when Toohey advises his niece Katie to stop wanting anything, he is saying that to live a life of conceit is immoral, and that desire is a non-essential. What is essential to fulfillment, however, is dedication to and desire for commitment in our relationships and our life's work. Dominique: "Roark, I can accept anything, except what seems to be the easiest for most people: the half-way, the almost, the just-about, the in- between." In the American work force today, all too often there is a lack of concern for the quality of work accomplished. In our educational system, students often times only do enough to simply "get by." Dominique perceives people as lazy, and to her that is just unacceptable. To some degree Peter Keating is lazy because of his reluctance to broaden his architectural horizons and create; he simply copies the same design repeatedly with little variance. Dominique also makes a social statement by implying that society needs to reevaluate its work ethic and lack of care. She insinautes that while existing in a state of conformity, carelessness is often times overlooked as a problem. Roark takes this need for dedication one step further; he punctuates his life with not only devotion but also a maverick style that was all important to his feelings of self worth. Roark: "Independence is the only gauge of human virtue and value. What a man is and makes of himself-- not what he has or hasn't done for others." A man is defined by his actions. Peter Keating, for example, might be described as a good friend and an outstanding architect, but in reality he is a very shallow man. Never did he design any

Candide Abstract Essays

Candide Abstract Essays Candide Abstract Essay Candide Abstract Essay Essay Topic: Candide Candide Voltaire, a French philosophe and writer, wrote this document during the Enlightenment. He illustrates his opinion on many Enlightenment ideas, such as Leibnizian optimism, deism, and religious tolerance. He impacted many people, including Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson with his belief of religious toleration and civil rights. His view on organized religion also influenced the French Revolution. One of the Enlightenment views Voltaire addresses is Leibnizian optimism, or the iew that the world men live in is a perfect world. Everything that happens is supposed to happen and all will turn out for the best. Voltaire mocks this view by having unfortunate things happen to Candide and other characters in the novel. Pangloss is a representation of his view, and often impedes other characters from taking positive action. One such instance was when Jacques the Anabaptist was drowning and Pangloss prevented Candide from saving him by saying, the Lisbon harbor was formed expressively for the Anabaptist to drown in. Also, when Candide was trapped under the rubble after the earthquake, he requests Pangloss to bring him some oil and wine, however the philosopher is too busy debating cause and effect. Finally, Candide encounters a slave in Surinam with one leg and one hand. He finally loses his faith in optimism by saying it is mania for saying things are well when one is in hell. Voltaire also expresses deism through the city of Eldorado. Deism is the belief that God created the world, but then left it to run on its own. Eldorado is free of crime and suffering with decent equality and advanced sciences and mathematics. Deism is illustrated by showing how this civilization tapped into nature and God and became incredibly successful. Voltaire is showing the ideal society in Eldorado. Finally, Voltaire mocks organized religion. In many instances, he shows the hypocrisy of religions. The Old Woman was the daughter of the Pope, however, the Pope is supposed to be celibate. Also, the Catholic Inquisitor was a hypocrite for aving a mistress and the Franciscan friar was a Jewel thief even though he was supposed to live a life of poverty. The Catholic Inquisition also displayed religious oppression for a small reason when they held an auto-da-f? © after the earthquake and attempted to kill Pangloss and flogged Candide. However, Voltaire does not completely condemn religious believers because Jacques the Anabaptist was the most virtuous and good character in the whole novel. Candide Abstract By sophiarita366

Cross culture management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cross culture management - Essay Example The gender roles are predefined in the patriarchal society and promote segregation of gender within the society. Thus, sexually explicit images and culture of the Western world is not acceptable. MTV, on the other hand is primarily associated with musical extravaganza of the West with its liberated views on sex and sexually explicit content. While Hip-Hop format of MTV music is popular in West, it may clash with the cultural paradigms of the Muslim world. The widely diverse value system of the West and the East therefore would be the major stumbling blocks that would need to be overcome by MTV. Another important issue would be the prevailing anti American sentiments in the Middle East. The Iraq war and America’s contentious role in the internal matter of Middle countries might adversely impact its launch and performance. These factors become hugely pertinent in expanding business, especially in MTV’s case where cultural values would significantly influence its success. Answer 2 MTV has been innovative in its strategy for its business expansion in Middle East with its launch of MTV Arabia. It has fostered partnership with local channel ABN to overcome bureaucratic and regulatory hurdles. Its fundamental strategy of ‘think globally, act locally’ is commendable in its perspective of adapting to local culture.

Analyze the Marketing Mix of Toyota Corporation Essay

Analyze the Marketing Mix of Toyota Corporation - Essay Example In terms of product, Toyota understands what drives the consumer to buy today. The company remains focused around the ecologically-friendly aspects of auto design as a means to make their product stand out against all other competition in Toyota’s various car markets. In 1997, Toyota created the first widely-manufactured hybrid car, the Toyota Prius, which was a revolution in auto design for consumers who wish to buy green (Potterf, 2006). Using a variety of public relations strategies and other promotional materials (such as print and on-air), Toyota capitalized on their strategic advantage by developing the hybrid model when companies such as General Motors and Ford only had these cars on their design drawing boards. In terms of product focus, Toyota appears to have always been a leader in catering to the eco-friendly buyer. Positioning the entire company as an eco-friendly business is designed to appeal to the buyer who is concerned about environmental impact and desires a quality hybrid car model. In terms of price, Toyota appears to be highly competitive, keeping car prices lower than what would be found domestically in the United States. Any business of this variety must consider their pricing models based on the cost of goods sold (supply chain costs generally) and what customers will actually be willing to pay based on perceived quality. Toyota’s sales volumes have continued to increase year-by-year until the recent global economic crisis, which points toward a pricing model that is acceptable by consumer standards and expectations. Since Toyota and other companies create multiple, international models of cars, there is no distinct pricing model available through research which indicates specific, targeted pricing guidelines as a part of Toyota’s marketing. In this sense, the sales volumes tend to speak for themselves. In terms of place, Toyota has developed a very distinct distribution system by which cars are delivered to various national